ex alto causas petere

con-tendo, tendī, tentum, ere, anspannen, I) eig.: a) übh.: muscipula, aufstellen, Lucil. fr.: tenacia vincla, Verg.: arcum, spannen, Verg. u.a.: ballistas lapidum et reliqua tormenta telorum c. atque adducere vehementer, Cic. – c. oculos, Comic. inc. fr.: sua perpetuo c. ilia risu, ausdehnen, Ov.: u. so membrum in diversa (nach verschiedenen Richtungen hin), Cels. – b) prägn.: α) ein Saiten-instrument anspannend stimmen, ut in fidibus plurimis si nulla earum ita contenta nervis sit, ut concentum servare possit, omnes aeque incontentae sint, sic etc., Cic. de fin. 4, 75. – β) ein Geschoß mit straff angezogenem Bogen od. Arme auf den Gegner hinrichten, zielen, arcu contenta parato tela tenens, Verg.: contenta tela (Ggstz. languida), Lucan.: sagittas c. nervo, Sil.: nervo equino c. telum, Verg. – aërias telum (Pfeil) c. in auras, Verg.: Mago (auf M.) procul infensam c. hastam, Verg. – γ) eine Brücke schlagen, Hellesponto pontem in alto, Enn. ann. 371.

II) übtr.: A) im allg.: seine körperl. od. geistigen Kräfte od. sich anspannen, d.i. anstrengen 1) die Körperkräfte, a) übh.: α) tr.: c. summas vires de palma (um den (Siegespreis, v. Rosse), Lucr.: c. se (v. den Augen), Lucr. – β) intr. contendere = sich anstrengen, seine Kräfte aufbieten, gew. m. Abl. (mit), voce, Cels.: lateribus aut clamore, Cic.: multis funi-

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bus, Caes.: vi, Gewalt anwenden, es (den Übergang) erzwingen, Caes.: u. m. allg. Acc., quantum coniti animo potes, quantum labore contendere, si discendi labor (eine körperliche Anstrengung) est potius, quam voluptas, tantum fac ut efficias, Cic. – mit folg. ut u. Konj., qui stadium currit, eniti et contendere debet quam maxime possit, ut vincat, Cic.: quantum potero voce contendam, ut populus hoc Romanus exaudiat, Cic.: remis contendit, ut eam partem insulae caperet, quā etc., Caes. – m. folg. Infin., fugā salutem petere contenderunt, Caes.: hunc (locum) duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit, Caes.: vide ne, dum ad cacumen pervenire contendis, cum ipsis ramis, quos comprehenderis, decĭdas, Curt.

b) sich anstrengen, einen Weg, Marsch wohin auszuführen, m. allg. Acc. der Wegstrecke, nocte unā tantum itineris, Cic. Rosc. Am. 97: tandem, si operae est, contendite viam, macht euch auf den Weg, Symm. ep. 1, 8 in. – m. Acc. der Tätigkeit, rectā plateā c. cursum huc suom, Plaut. cist. 534. – m. Ang. des Ziels der Tätigkeit im Infin., sich beeilen, Bibracte ire contendit, Caes.: in Britanniam proficisci contendit, Caes.: proxima litora cursu contendunt petere, Verg.: iter a Vibone Brundisium terrā (zu L.) petere contendi, Cic. – m. Ang. des Ortszieles wohin? durch Advv., od. durch Praepp., od. durch bl. Acc. loc., wohin schleunigst aufbrechen, -reisen, -mar-

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schieren, -rücken (vorrücken), wohin eilen, quo contenderat, pervenit, Nep.: u. (im Bilde) si potuissemus, quo contendimus, pervenire, Cic.: huc magno cursu contenderunt, Caes.: in Italiam magnis itineribus, Caes.: ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum, Caes.: inde ad Amanum, Cic.: ad hostes, ad hostium castra, Caes.: per Armeniam in hostes, Aur. Vict.: per fines Haeduorum in Lingones, Caes.: Lacedaemonem, Nep.: equo admisso Teanum, Val. Max.: Tarentum ad Heraclidem Ponticum, Varr. fr.: domum, Caes.

2) die Geisteskräfte usw. anstrengen, a) übh.: α) tr.: quo se contendit dira lubido, Lucr.: c. animum tales in curas, Ov. – m. in u. Abl., onus dignum, in quo omnes nervos aetatis industriaeque meae contenderem, Cic. – mit folg. ut od. ne u. Konj., contendit omnes nervos Chrysippus, ut persuadeat etc., Cic.: ut omnes tuos nervos in eo contendas, ne quid mihi ad hanc provinciam... temporis prorogetur, Cic. – β) intr. contendere, sich anstrengen, Anstrengungen machen, seine Kräfte aufbieten, etw. erstreben, auf etw. hinarbeiten, nach etw. ringen, absol., et illos quidem contendere, eniti; hos quiescere, remitti, Plin. ep.: c. dolis et fallaciis (Ggstz. verā viā niti), Sall. – m. allg. Acc., id sibi contendendum... existimabat, Caes.: quod plurimis locis perorationes nostrae voluisse nos atque animo contendisse declarant, Cic.: tantum contendere in re publica, quantum probare civi-

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bus tuis possis, Cic.: eadem c. (gleiche Anstr. machen) in tribunatu, Cic. – m. folg. ut od. ne u. Konj., seine Kräfte aufbieten, dahin streben, darauf hinarbeiten, ob eam causam contendi, ut plura dicerem, Cic.: contende quaeso atque elabora, non modo ut... sed etiam ut etc., Cic.: cupidissime c., ut etc., Cic.: contendebat, ne a rebus gestis eius decederet, Iustin. – durch Infin., omnibus precibus petere contendit, ut etc., Caes. – m. ad u. Akk., losstreben auf usw., eifrig streben, -ringen nach usw., ad salutem, Caes.: ad victoriam, Auct. b. Hisp.: maximis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque, Cic.: ad ultimum animo, Cic.: ad ea rectis studiis, Cic.

b) sich anstrengen, etw. zu erlangen, auf etw. bestehen, auf etw. dringen, etwas dringend verlangen, dringend um etw. anliegen, α) absol.: a quo facile, si contenderis, impetrare possis, ut etc., Q. Cic.: cum illi pertinaciter contenderent (darauf bestanden), Suet. – β) mit Acc.: c. honores, Varr. fr.: neque ego nunc hoc contendo...; sed te illud admoneo, ut etc., Cic. – hoc a te ita contendo, ut in eo fortunas meas positas putem, ich dringe in dieser Beziehung so ernstlich in dich, weil ich glaube, daß usw., Cic.: non erat causa, cur hoc tempore aliquid a te contenderem, Cic.: nihil ab ipso invito contendere, Cic. – propter magnitudinem potestatis hic magistratus a populo summā ambitione contenditur etc., Cic. – γ) mit

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de u. Abl.: ab alqo valde de reditu in gratiam, Cic.: a magistris de proferendo die, Cic.: unum instare de indutiis vehementissimeque contendere, Caes. – δ) m. folg. ut od. ne u. Konj., m. vorhergeh. allg. Acc. Pron. u. ohne diesen: non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea, quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent, Caes.: contendunt, ut ipsis summa imperii tradatur, Caes.: gratiā contendimus et rogando, ut istis te molestiis laxes, Luccei. in Cic. ep.: contendit a Pythio ut venderet, dringt in P., Cic.: vehementer ab alqo c., ut etc., Cic.: plurimis verbis ab alqo c., ut etc., Cic.: omni studio ab aliquo c., ut etc., Cic.: ab alqo petere et summe c., ut etc., Cic.: omni opere c., ut etc., Suet.: a militibus c., ne etc., Caes.: magno opere, ne etc., Suet. – ε) mit folg. Infin. nach vorhergeh. allg. Acc. Pron.: neque ego nunc hoc contendo, quod fortasse... iam in nostra aetate difficile est, mutare animum, sed etc., Cic. ad Q. fr. 1, 1, 13. § 38. – ζ) m. folg. Acc. u. Infin.: qui a Caesare dimittendos (esse) exercitus contendebant, Vell. 2, 48, 1.

c) sich anstrengen, eine Behauptung durchzusetzen, auf etw. bestehen, etw. fest behaupten, fest versichern, fest erklären, m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., bei vorhergeh. allg. Acc. u. ohne diesen, sic ego hoc contendo, me tibi ipsi adversario cuiuscumque tribus rationem poposceris redditurum, Cic.: vociferarer et

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quantum maxime possem contenderem... totius testimonii fictam audaciam manifesto comprehensam atque oppressam esse, Cic.: contendentes numquam eam urbem fuisse ex Triphylia, Liv.: cum M. Cato moriendum ante, quam ullam condicionem civis accipiendam rei publicae contenderet, Vell.: ausim contendere nullum te melius, aeque bene vix unum aut alterum collocasse, Plin. ep. – m. apud u. Akk., apud eos contendit falsa esse delata, Nep. Them. 7, 2. – m. pro u. Abl., illud alterum pro me maioribusque meis contendere ausim, nihil nos, quod incommodum plebi esset, scientes fecisse, Liv. 6, 40, 5. – in der Parenthese ganz absol., ut Asclepiades contendit, Cels. 1. praef. p. 3, 28 D.

3) (als v. intr.) sich ausdehnen, sich erstrecken, von Ortl. usw., haec patulum vallis contendit in orbem, Calp. ecl. 7, 30 (al. concedit): Cappadocum gens usque ad Cyrresticam eius regionem parte suā, quae vocatur Cataonia, contendit, Plin. 6, 24.

B) insbes., einem andern gegenüber sich anstrengen, 1) intr. od. mit allg. Acc. = als Gegner sich jmdm. gegenüber anstrengen obzusiegen, mit jmd. sich messen, sich in einen Streit (Wettstreit) einlassen, anbinden, streiten (sich herumstreiten), kämpfen, gegen jmd. od. etw. ankämpfen, bei Ang. womit? mit Abl.; bei Ang. mit wem? m. cum u. Abl., od. m. inter u. Akk., od. poet. m. bl. Dat.; bei Ang.

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gegen wen? mit contra od. adversus u. Akk.; bei Ang. wofür? m. pro u. Abl.; bei Ang. worüber? m. de u. Abl.; bei Ang. weswegen? m. propter u. Akk., a) v. eig. Kampfe, inimicā mente, Nep.: magis virtute quam dolo, Caes.: proelio, Caes. – cum barbaro, Nep.: cum victore, Hor. u. Caes., v. Gladiator, Plin. ep.: proelio uno cum Latino Volscoque, Liv.: parvulis proeliis cum nostris, Caes.: semel atque iterum armis cum alqo, Caes.: summis copiis cum alqo, Caes.: cum magnis legionibus parvā manu, Sall.: cum Sequanis bello, Caes.: u. (unpers.) proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur, Caes. – c. contra alcis copias, Auct. b. Afr.: contra Paridem, Verg.: contra populum Rom. armis, Caes.: contra saevum monstrum, Catull. – se didicisse adversus vires hostium, non adversus calamitates contendere, Iustin. – c. pro vitulis contra leones (v. Stieren), Cic. – c. de regno aequo Marte, Curt. – b) v. Wettkampfe im Ringen, Laufen usw., quoad stans complecti posset atque contendere, Nep. – inter coaequales c. aut equo aut cursu aut viribus, Iustin. – c. rapido cursu, Verg.: cum alqo c. pedibus, Ov. – poet. m. Dat. (s. Passerat. Prop. 1, 7, 3), quid enim contendat hirundo cygnis? Lucr.: c. Homero, Prop.: c. Latio, Claud. – c) v. polit. Wettkampf, Kampf, c. cum alqo od. inter se de principatu, Nep. u. Caes.: cum alqo de honore regni, Nep.: de potentatu inter se multos annos, Caes.: gratiā cum libenter pro

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homine sibi coniunctissimo, tum acriter contra factionem et potentiam paucorum, Hirt. b. G. – d) v. Kampfe mit Worten usw., sich messen, sich streiten, sich herumstreiten, rechten, es durchzusetzen suchen, cum Libone de mittendis legatis contendisse, Caes.: quodsi duriorem te eius miserae et afflictae fortunae praebes, non contendam ego adversus te, Anton. in Cic. ep.: m. allg. Acc. zur Ang. worüber? nec cum Appio, transactā re, quod contenderent (worüber sie Streit anfangen konnten) fuit, Liv. – bes. gerichtlich, c. inimicissime atque infestissime, Cic.: vulgari et pervagatā declamatione, Cic.: u. (unpers.) si contra verbis et litteris et, ut dici solet, summo iure contenditur, Cic. – c. cum alqo iurgio, Cic.: cum alqo interdicto, Cic.: cum alqo sacramento, s. sacramentum. – translatio non habet quaestionem, de qua contendit orator, sed propter quam contendit, Quint. – c. de bonis alcis, Val. Max.: u. (unpers.) de his lite contenditur, Quint. – cum improbissimis heredibus de paternis bonis c. apud centum viros, Val. Max. – m. allg. Acc. zur Ang. worin? tamenne vereris, ut possis haec contra Hortensium contendere? dich auch darin mit H. messen? Cic. Quinct. 78. – e) v. Wetteifer im Bieten, wetteifern, um die Wette bieten, is liceri non destitit; illi, quoad videbatur ferri aliquo modo posse, contenderunt, Cic. Verr. 3, 99. – f) von jedem Sich- Messen mit phys. od. geistigen Kräften, neque inter

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se contendant viribus (animae), Lucr.: c. contra vim gravitatemque morbi, Cic.: patĕre igitur rationem meam cum tua ratione contendere (sich messen), Cic.: quis enim erat qui non videret humilitatem cum dignitate et amplitudine contendere? Cic. – m. allg. Acc., sic enim est faciendum, ut contra universam naturam nihil contendamus, in keiner Sache ankämpfen, Cic.

2) zwei Dinge miteinander od. eine Sache mit einer andern zur Vergleichung sich messen lassen, vergleichen, ipsas causas, quae inter se confligunt, Cic.: leges, Cic.: vetera et praesentia, Tac. – m. cum u. Abl., quicquid tu contra dixeris, id cum defensione nostra contendito; ita facillime causa Sex. Roscii cum tua conferetur, Cic.: vitam suam Atticam cum istac rusticana, Caecil. com. fr.: annales nostros cum scriptura eorum, qui etc., Tac. – mit ad (an, gegen) u. Akk., vim suam ad maiestatem viri, Acc. tr. 648. – poet. m. bl. Dat. (wem? = mit), Aquinatem fucum Sidonio ostro, Hor.: se Frontoni, Auson.

con-tendo, di, tum, 3, v. a. and n., to stretch, stretch out vigorously, to draw tight, strain.

Lit. (rare and mostly poet.):

arcum,

Verg. A. 12, 815; Ov. M. 6, 286; id. R. Am. 435: tormenta, Sisen. ap. Non. p. 258, 27; Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57: muscipula, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 181, 31:

tenacia vincla,

Verg. G. 4, 412:

ilia risu,

Ov. A. A. 3, 285: pontem in alto, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 21 Müll. (Ann. v. 358 Vahl.):

oculi contendunt se,

Lucr. 4, 810.— Of stringed instruments, to tune by stretching the strings:

ut in fidibus pluribus, si nulla earum ita contenta nervis sit, ut concentum servare possit,

Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 75; cf. infra, P. a.—

Meton.

(Causa pro effectu.) Of weapons, to shoot, hurl, dart, throw:

infensam hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 521:

tela,

id. ib. 12, 815:

sagittas nervo,

Sil. 1, 323:

telum aërias in auras,

Verg. A. 5, 520. —

Of places, neutr., to stretch, reach, extend:

haec patulum vallis contendit in orbem,

Calp. Ecl. 7, 30:

Cappadocum gens usque ad Cyrresticam ejus regionem parte suā, quae vocatur Cataonia, contendit,

Plin. 6, 8, 8, § 24.—

Trop. (freq. in prose and poetry); act., to strain eagerly, to stretch, exert, to direct one's mental powers to something, to pursue or strive for earnestly; or neutr., to exert one's self, to strive zealously for something, etc.

In gen.

With acc.:

magnum fortasse onus, verum tamen dignum, in quo omnis nervos aetatis industriaeque meae contenderem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35; cf.:

contendit omnis nervos Chrysippus, ut persuadeat, etc.,

id. Fat. 10, 21:

summas vires de palmā,

Lucr. 4, 990:

animum in curas,

Ov. P. 1, 5, 11:

quo se dira libido,

Lucr. 4, 1043:

tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non transducendum exercitum existimabat,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17; cf.:

id contendere et laborare, ne ea, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 52: et petere imperium populi et contendere honores, Varr. ap. Non. p. 259, 32.—

With inf., to exert one's self vigorously to do something, to apply one's self with zeal to, to go to:

hunc locum duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 21:

summā vi transcendere in hostium naves,

id. ib. 3, 15:

fugā salutem petere,

id. ib. al.; Quint. 10, 1, 125:

neque ego nunc hoc contendo... mutare animum, sed, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13, § 38.—

Neutr.:

quantum coniti animo potes, quantum labore contendere... tantum fac ut efficias,

Cic. Off. 3, 2, 6.— With ut:

quántum potero voce contendam, ut populus hoc Romanus exaudiat,

Cic. Lig. 3, 6; so,

remis, ut eam partem insulae caperet,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8 et saep.:

contende quaeso atque elabora, ut, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14, § 42.— Absol.:

vociferarer et, quantum maxime possem, contenderem,

Cic. Fl. 16, 38 al.:

non possis oculo quantum contendere Lynceus (= collineare),

to aim at, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 28.—

In partic.,

To direct or bend one's course eagerly somewhere; or, neutr., to strive to get to a place, to seek to arrive at, to go, march, or journey hastily to, etc.

With acc. (very rare):

rectā plateā cursum suum,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

nocte unā tantum itineris,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97.—

With inf. (freq.):

Bibracte ire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 23; so,

ire cum his legionibus,

id. ib. 1, 10:

in Britanniam proficisci,

id. ib. 4, 20:

in provinciam reverti,

id. ib. 3, 6 fin.:

Dyrrhachium petere,

Cic. Planc. 41, 97; cf.:

proxima litora petere cursu,

Verg. A. 1, 158; and:

iter a Vibone Brundisium terrā petere,

Cic. Planc. 40, 96 Wund.—

Neutr. (so most freq.):

in Italiam magnis itineribus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10; cf.:

huc magnis itineribus,

id. ib. 1, 38 fin.:

huc magno cursu,

id. ib. 3, 19:

inde in Italiam,

id. ib. 1, 33:

in fines Sigambrorum,

id. ib. 4, 18:

in castra,

id. ib. 4, 37:

ex eo loco ad flumen,

id. ib. 2, 9:

ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum,

id. ib. 1, 27 fin.:

ad oppidum Noviodunum,

id. ib. 2, 12:

ad castra,

id. ib. 2, 19 fin.; 3, 24 fin.:

ad hostes,

id. ib. 5, 9:

ad Amanum,

Cic. Att. 5, 20, 3: Tarentum ad Heraclidem Ponticum, Varr. ap. Non. p. 260, 19:

Lacedaemonem,

Nep. Cim. 3, 3:

domum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 24 fin. et saep.:

ad ultimum animo,

Cic. Mur. 31, 65; cf.:

magna spectare atque ad ea rectis studiis contendere,

id. Off. 2, 13, 44:

ad summam laudem gloriamque maximis laboribus et periculis,

id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ad salutem,

Caes. B. G. 3, 3 fin. —

( Neutr.) To measure or try one's strength with, with weapons, by words, in action, etc.; to strive, dispute, fight, contend against, vie with; constr. with cum aliquo, contra or adversus aliquem, the dat., inter se, or absol.

Cum aliquo:

neque post id tempus umquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17 fin.; 1, 36:

cum Sequanis bello,

id. ib. 7, 67 fin.:

cum eo armis,

Cic. Att. 7, 9, 2:

cum magnis legionibus parvā manu,

Sall. C. 53, 3:

cum barbaro,

Nep. Con. 4, 3:

cum victore,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 42:

mecum ingenio et arte,

Prop. 2 (3), 24, 23 al.:

cum eo de principatu,

Nep. Arist. 1, 1; cf. id. Ages. 1, 4 al.:

divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque industriā cum majoribus suis,

Sall. J. 4, 7:

humilitas cum dignitate et amplitudine,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136.—So with acc. of neutr. pron.:

tamenne vereris, ut possis haec contra Hortensium contendere?

Cic. Quint. 25, 78.—

Contra aliquem:

contra populum Romanum armis,

Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

tauri pro vitulis contra leones summā vi impetuque contendunt,

Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 66:

contra vim gravitatemque morbi,

id. Phil. 9, 7, 15:

nihil contra naturam universam,

id. Off. 1, 31, 110; Cat. 64, 101.—

Adversus aliquem: non contendam ego adversus te, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 2.—

With dat. ( poet.):

hirundo cycnis,

Lucr. 3, 6:

Homero,

Prop. 1, 7, 3; 1, 14, 7:

Pindaricis plectris,

Stat. S. 1, 3, 101.—

Inter se:

hi cum tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 4; 1, 5, 3:

viribus inter se,

Lucr. 3, 784.— Impers.:

interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur,

the contest was carried on, Caes. B. G. 2, 9.—

Absol.:

proelio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 1, 50 fin.;

3, 28 al.: magis virtute quam dolo,

id. ib. 1, 13; Nep. Epam. 2, 5:

translatio non habet quaestionem, de quā contendit orator, sed propter quam contendit,

Quint. 3, 6, 72; cf. id. 6, 1, 50; 7, 9, 3 al.— Impers.:

summo jure contenditur,

Cic. Caecin. 23, 65:

de his lite contenditur,

Quint. 3, 4, 8:

de personis judicatur, sed de rebus contenditur,

id. 10, 5, 13.—

In auctions, to vie with in bidding, to bid against: is liceri non destitit;

illi quoad videbatur ferri aliquo modo posse, contenderunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 42, § 99.—

( Act.) To place together in comparison, to compare, contrast; constr. with cum, ad, the dat., or acc. only.

With cum: tuam iram contra cum ira Liberi, Naev. ap. Non. p. 259, 7; Caecil. ib. p. 259, 1:

id cum defensione nostrā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 93:

rationem meam cum tuā ratione,

id. N. D. 3, 4, 10; Tac. A. 4, 32 al.: suam vitam mecum, Licinius, Macer. ap. Non. p. 259, 3.—

With ad: ut vim contendas tuam ad majestatem viri, Att. ap. Non. p. 259, 5 (Trag. Rel. v. 648 Rib.).—

With dat.: Thestiadas Ledae, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 258, 30:

vellera potantia Aquinatem fucum Sidonio ostro,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 26; Aus. Grat. Act. 14 al.—

With [p. 447] acc. only: anulum, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 258, 29:

ipsas causas, quae inter se confligunt,

Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

leges,

id. Inv. 2, 49, 145:

suam quaeque nobilitatem, formam, opes,

Tac. A. 12, 1:

vetera et praesentia,

id. ib. 13, 3.—

( Act.) To demand, ask, solicit, entreat, beg earnestly, to seek to gain:

cum a me peteret et summe contenderet, ut suum propinquum defenderem,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

verecundius a te, si quae magna res mihi petenda esset, contenderem,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1; so,

ab aliquo,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 131; id. de Or. 1, 36, 166; id. Rosc. Am. 1, 4; id. Fam. 13, 7, 3; cf.:

a magistris de proferendo die,

id. ib. 12, 30, 5; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 15:

ne quid contra aequitatem,

id. Off. 2, 20, 71:

omni opere, ut, etc.,

Suet. Dom. 2:

magno opere, ne, etc.,

id. Aug. 27; id. Vit. 3:

pertinaciter,

id. Caes. 1.—

( Act.) To assert, affirm earnestly, to maintain or contend energetically.

With acc. and inf.:

sic ego hoc contendo, me tibi ipsi adversario cujuscumque tribus rationem poposceris redditurum,

Cic. Planc. 19, 48; id. Sest. 50, 107; id. Arch. 7, 15:

apud eos contendit falsa esse delata,

Nep. Them. 7, 2; id. Epam. 8, 1:

illud pro me majoribusque meis contendere ausim, nihil nos... scientes fuisse,

Liv. 6, 40, 5; Quint. prooem. § 11; 1, 2, 25; Suet. Calig. 15; id. Dom. 6; Lucr. 5, 1343; Cat. 44, 4; Ov. M. 2, 855; Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37 al.—

Absol. (very rare):

si manantia corpuscula iter claudunt, ut Asclepiades contendit,

Cels. 1, praef. § 28.—Hence, contentus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., stretched, strained, tense, tight:

qui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 20:

acies oculorum,

Lucr. 1, 325; cf.:

contentis oculis prosequi aliquem,

Suet. Tib. 7:

contentis corporibus facilius feruntur onera (opp. remissa),

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 54; cf.:

contentā cervice trahunt plaustra (boves),

Verg. G. 3, 536:

Placideiani contento poplite miror Proelia,

with the knee stiffly bent, Hor. S. 2, 7, 97.—

Trop., eager, intent:

contenta mens fuit in eā ratione,

Lucr. 4, 965; cf. Ov. M. 15, 515:

et contentā voce atrociter dicere et summissā leniter,

Cic. Or. 17, 56:

ad tribunatum contento studio cursuque veniamus,

id. Sest. 6, 13.— Sup.:

contentissimā voce clamitans,

App. M. 4, p. 147.— Adv.: con-tentē, earnestly, with great exertion, vehemently:

pro se dicere... mittere contentius,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57; cf.:

acriter atque contente pro suis decretis propugnare,

Gell. 18, 1, 2:

contentissime clamitare, App. Flor. n. 8: contentius ambulare,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 97:

ornamentis iisdem uti fere licebit, alias contentius, alias summissius,

id. de Or. 3, 55, 212:

aliquid curiose atque contente lectitare,

Gell. 3, 3, 1.

altus, a, um, participle from alo., lit., grown or become great, great (altus ab alendo dictus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 7 Müll.; cf. the Germ. gross with the Engl. grow), a polar word meaning both high and deep.

Seen from below upwards, high.

Lit.: IN ALTOD MARID PVCNANDOD, etc., Columna Duilii; so, maria alta, Liv. Andron. ap. Macr. S. 6, 5, 10; id. ib. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P.: aequor, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 23 Müll.: parietes, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30:

acervus,

id. 3, 198 al.:

columellam tribus cubitis ne altiorem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 66:

altior illis Ipsa dea est colloque tenus supereminet omnes,

taller, Ov. M. 3, 181:

altis de montibus,

Verg. E. 1, 83:

umbras Altorum nemorum,

Ov. M. 1, 591 al. —With the acc. of measure:

clausi lateribus pedem altis,

a foot high, Sall. H. Fragm. 4, 39 Gerl.; cf. Lind. C. Gr. I. p. 215.—With gen.:

triglyphi alti unius et dimidiati moduli, lati in fronte unius moduli,

Vitr. 4, 3:

majorem turrim altam cubitorum CXX.,

id. 10, 5:

alta novem pedum,

Col. 8, 14, 1:

singula latera pedum lata tricenum, alta quinquagenum,

Plin. 36, 13, 19, § 4.—

Trop., high, lofty, elevated, great, magnanimous, high-minded, noble, august, etc.:

altissimus dignitatis gradus,

Cic. Phil. 1, 6, 14; so id. Clu. 55; id. Dom. 37.—Of mind or thought:

te natura excelsum quendam videlicet et altum et humana despicientem genuit,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 11:

homo sapiens et altā mente praeditus,

highminded, id. Mil. 8:

qui altiore animo sunt,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57 al. —So of gods, or persons elevated in birth, rank, etc.;

also of things personified: rex aetheris altus Juppiter,

Verg. A. 12, 140:

Apollo,

id. ib. 10, 875:

Caesar,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 37:

Aeneas, i. e. deā natus,

id. S. 2, 5, 62:

Roma,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 33:

Carthago,

Prop. 2, 1, 23 al. —Of the voice, high, shrill, loud, clear:

Conclamate iterum altiore voce,

Cat. 42, 18:

haec fatus altā voce,

Sen. Troad. 196:

altissimus sonus,

Quint. 11, 3, 23 (cf.:

vox magna,

Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 24; Juv. 4, 32).— Subst.: altum, i, n., a height:

sic est hic ordo (senatorius) quasi propositus atque editus in altum,

on high, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 98:

aedificia in altum edita,

Tac. H. 3, 71:

quidquid in altum Fortuna tulit, ruitura levat,

Sen. Agam. 100.—Esp.

(Sc. caelum.) The height of heaven, high heaven, the heavens:

ex alto volavit avis,

Enn. Ann. 1, 108:

haec ait, et Maiā genitum demisit ab alto,

Verg. A. 1, 297.—Still more freq.,

(Sc. mare.) The high sea, the deep, the sea: rapit ex alto navīs velivolas, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 224:

ubi sumus provecti in altum, capiunt praedones navem illam, ubi vectus fui,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 39; so id. Men. 1, 2, 2; id. Rud. prol. 66; 2, 3, 64:

terris jactatus et alto,

Verg. A. 1, 3:

in altum Vela dabant,

id. ib. 1, 34:

collectae ex alto nubes,

id. G. 1, 324:

urget ab alto Notus,

id. ib. 1, 443 al.:

alto mersā classe,

Sil. 6, 665:

ab illā parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 32:

in alto jactari,

id. Inv. 2, 31, 95:

naves nisi in alto constitui non poterant,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

naves in altum provectae,

id. ib. 4, 28: scapha in altum navigat, Sall. Fragm.—So in the plur.:

alta petens,

Verg. A. 7, 362.— Trop.:

quam magis te in altum capessis, tam aestus te in portum refert,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 6:

imbecillitas... in altum provehitur imprudens,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42:

te quasi quidam aestus ingenii tui in altum abstraxit,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

Seen from above downwards, deep, profound.

Lit. (hence sometimes opp. summus): Acherusia templa alta Orci, salvete, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 2, 81; Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:

quom ex alto puteo sursum ad summum escenderis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 14:

altissimae radices,

Cic. Phil. 4, 5:

altae stirpes,

id. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

altissima flumina,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77:

altior aqua,

id. ib. 1, 25:

alta theatri Fundamenta,

Verg. A. 1, 427:

gurgite in alto,

in the deep whirlpool, id. E. 6, 76:

altum vulnus,

id. A. 10, 857; Petr. 136; Sen. Troad. 48:

altum totā metitur cuspide pectus,

Sil. 4, 292; so id. 6, 580 al.:

unde altior esset Casus,

Juv. 10, 106.—With the abl. of measure:

faciemus (scrobes) tribus pedibus altas,

Pall. Jan. 10, 3.—

Trop. (more freq. in and after the Aug. per.), deep, profound:

somno quibus est opus alto,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 8; so Liv. 7, 35:

sopor,

Verg. A. 8, 27:

quies,

id. ib. 6, 522:

silentium,

id. ib. 10, 63; Quint. 10, 3, 22:

altissima tranquillitas,

Plin. Ep. 2, 1:

altissima eruditio,

id. ib. 4, 30:

altiores artes,

Quint. 8, 3, 2.— Subst.: altum, i, n., the depth, i. e. what is deep or far removed:

ex alto dissimulare,

Ov. Am. 2, 4, 16:

non ex alto venire nequitiam, sed summo, quod aiunt, animo inhaerere,

Sen. Ira, 1, 16 med. al.—Hence, ex alto repetere, or petere, in discourse, to bring from far; as P. a., farfetched:

quae de nostris officiis scripserim, quoniam ex alto repetita sunt,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5:

quid causas petis ex alto?

Verg. A. 8, 395 (cf.:

alte repetere in the same sense,

Cic. Sest. 13; id. Rep. 4, 4, and v. al. infra).—

Poet., in reference to a distant (past) time: cur vetera tam ex alto appetissis discidia, Agamemno? Att. ap. Non. 237, 22 (altum: vetus, antiquum, Non.); cf. Verg. G. 4, 285.—With the access. idea of venerable (cf. antiquus), ancient, old:

genus alto a sanguine Teucri,

Verg. A. 6, 500:

Thebanā de matre nothum Sarpedonis alti,

id. ib. 9, 697;

genus Clauso referebat ab alto,

Ov. F. 4, 305:

altā gente satus,

Val. Fl. 3, 202:

altis inclitum titulis genus,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 338.— Adv.: altē, and very rarely altum, high, deep (v. supra, altus, P. a. init.).

High, on high, high up, from on high, from above (v. altus, P. a., A.).

Lit.:

alte ex tuto prospectum aucupo,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 188 Rib.:

colomen alte geminis aptum cornibus,

id. ib. p. 221:

alte jubatos angues,

Naev. ib. p. 9:

jubar erigere alte,

Lucr. 4, 404:

roseā sol alte lampade lucens,

id. 5, 610:

in vineā ficos subradito alte, ne eas vitis scandat,

Cato, R. R. 50:

cruentum alte extollens pugionem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 28: non animadvertis cetarios escendere in malum alte, ut perspiciant pisces? Varr. ap. Non. 49, 15:

(aër) tollit se ac rectis ita faucibus eicit alte,

Lucr. 6, 689:

dextram Entellus alte extulit,

Verg. A. 5, 443:

alte suras vincire cothurno,

high up, id. ib. 1, 337:

puer alte cinctus,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 10, and Sen. Ep. 92:

unda alte subjectat arenam,

Verg. G. 3, 240:

Nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non possit eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10: alte maesti in terram cecidimus, from on high, Varr. ap. Non. 79, 16:

eo calcem cribro succretam indito alte digitos duo,

to the height of two fingers, Cato, R. R. 18, 7; so Col. R. R. 5, 6, 6.— Comp.:

quae sunt humiliora neque se tollere a terrā altius possunt,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37:

tollam altius tectum,

id. Har. Resp. 15, 33:

altius praecincti,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 5:

pullus in arvis altius ingreditur,

Verg. G. 3, 75:

caput altius effert,

id. ib. 3, 553:

altius atque cadant imbres,

id. E. 6, 38 ubi v. Forb.:

altius aliquid tenere,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 5.— Sup.: [p. 96] cum altissime volāsset (aquila), Suet. Aug. 94.—

Trop.:

alte natus,

Albin. 1, 379 (cf.: altus Aeneas, supra, P. a., A. II.):

alte enim cadere non potest,

Cic. Or. 28, 98:

video te alte spectare,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 82; id. Rep. 6, 23, 25.— Comp.:

altius se efferre,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25; 3, 3, 4:

altius irae surgunt ductori,

Verg. A. 10, 813:

altius aliquid agitare,

Cels. 1 prooem.:

attollitur vox altius,

Quint. 11, 3, 65:

verbis altius atque altius insurgentibus,

id. 8, 4, 27.— Sup.:

Ille dies virtutem Catonis altissime illuminavit,

Vell. 2, 35:

ingenium altissime adsurgit,

Plin. Ep. 8, 4.—

Deep, deeply (v. altus, P. a. B.).

Lit.:

ablaqueato ficus non alte,

Cato, R. R. 36:

ferrum haud alte in corpus descendere,

Liv. 1, 41:

alte vulnus adactum,

Verg. A. 10, 850; Ov. M. 6, 266; Curt. 4, 6, 18; Cels. 5, 26, 30:

timidum caput abdidit alte,

Verg. G. 3, 422:

alte consternunt terram frondes,

deeply strew, id. A. 4, 443:

ut petivit Suspirium alte!

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 58 (cf.:

ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo,

Verg. A. 1, 485):

inter cupam pertundito alte digitos primorīs tres,

Cato, R. R. 21, 2:

minimum alte pedem,

Col. de Arb. 30.— Comp.:

ne radices altius agant,

Col. 5, 6, 8:

terra altius effossa,

Quint. 10, 3, 2:

cum sulcus altius esset impressus,

Cic. Div. 2, 23, 50:

frigidus imber Altius ad vivum persedit, Verg G. 3, 441: tracti altius gemitus,

Sen. Ira, 3, 4, 2.— Sup.:

(latronibus gladium) altissime demergo,

App. M. 2, 32.—

Trop., deeply, profoundly, far, from afar:

privatus ut altum Dormiret,

Juv. 1, 16:

alte terminus haerens,

Lucr. 1, 77:

longo et alte petito prooemio respondere,

Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

ratio alte petita,

Quint. 11, 1, 62:

alte et a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18; id. Rep. 4, 4, 4; id. Sest. 13, 31.— Comp.:

qui altius perspiciebant,

had a deeper insight, Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 19:

quae principia sint, repetendum altius videtur,

must be sought out more deeply, id. Off. 1, 16:

altius repetitae causae,

Quint. 11, 1, 62:

de quo si paulo altius ordiri ac repetere memoriam religionis videbor,

Cic. Verr. 4, 105:

Hisce tibi in rebus latest alteque videndum,

Lucr. 6, 647:

altius supprimere iram,

Curt. 6, 7, 35:

altius aliquem percellere,

Tac. A. 4, 54:

altius metuere,

id. ib. 4, 41:

altius animis maerere,

id. ib. 2, 82:

cum verbum aliquod altius transfertur,

Cic. Or. 25, 82:

Altius omnem Expediam primā repetens ab origine famam,

Verg. G. 4, 285;

so,

Tac. H. 4, 12:

altius aliquid persequi,

Plin. 2, 23, 31, § 35:

hinc altius cura serpit,

id. 4, 11, 13, § 87.— Sup.:

qui vir et quantus esset, altissime inspexi,

Plin. Ep. 5, 15, 5.

altus, ūs, m. [alo], a nourishing, support:

terrae altu,

Macr. S. 1, 20 fin.

mitto, mīsī, missum, ere, gehen-, laufen lassen, u. zwar in doppelter Beziehung, sowohl = »gehen-, laufen machen (faire aller)«, als auch »zulassen, daß etw. geht, läuft (laisser aller)«, I) gehen-, laufen lassen = schicken, senden, A) im allg.: 1) eig.: α) lebende Objj.: quo mittis istanc, quaeso? iube maneat, Ter.: mittor ad matrem, Ov.: m. servulum ad eam in urbem, Ter.: legati a rege ad me missi, Cic. – equitatum omnem ante se m., Caes.: ante m. equites, Caes., minimos (v. Elefanten), Solin. – adversus quos mille Aetoli missi, Liv. – m. alqm in od. sub Tartara od. ad umbras ante diem, od. ad Stygias undas, poet. = töten, Ov. – alqm in exsilium, Liv., Sen. rhet. u.a. – alqm sub iugum, Caes. u. Liv. (dagegen sub iugo = unter dem Joche weg entlassen, Liv.). – inermos singulos prae se, Sall. – equum medios per ignes, Hor. – ipse tibi me ab alto mittit, Stat. – alci subsidium, auxilia, Cic. u.a. – m. Auslassung des persönl. Obj., misit circum amicos, schickte (Boten, Sklaven) bei den Freunden umher, Suet. – β) lebl. Objj.: vestem, Ov.: currum in arcem, Ov.: litteras ad alqm od. alci, Cic. u.a.: libellum ad alqm, Catull.: alci carmina, Catull. – alci salutem, einen Gruß senden, sagen lassen, Ov.; vgl. Ba. in epistula nullam salutem mittere adscriptam solet? Sy. Ita militaris disciplina est, Ballio: manu salutem mittunt benevolentibus, eādem

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malam rem mittunt malevolentibus, Plaut. – m. ausgelass. sächl. Obj., cui tamen de mensa misit, Cic. – γ) lebenbe u. lebl. Obj., zugl. m. Angabe des Zweckes, filium suum foras ad propinquum suum quendam ad cenam, Cic. – alqm ad mortem, Cic., od. morti, Plaut., od. neci, Ov., in den Tod senden. – alqm ad negotium, ad bellum, Sall. u.a. (s. Fabri Sall. Iug. 65, 3). – alqm in negotium, auf den Handel sch., handeln lassen, Cic.: greges in pascua, Verg. – alqm alci auxilio od. subsidio, Cic., Caes. u.a., od. in auxilium, Iustin., ad subsidium, Auct. b. Hisp. 9, 1. – als publiz. t. t., pullarium in auspicium, Liv.: centurias in suffragium, abstimmen lassen, Liv.: iudices in consilium, sich beraten lassen, Cic.; vgl. deos in consilium de te mittis, rufst die G. zu Richtern über dich auf, Plin. pan. – alqm cum exercitu ad obtinendas Hispanias, Sall., od. ad visendas ordinandasque provincias, Vell. – ne mittas quidem visendi causā quemquam, Ter. – me visendae mitte uxori, Ter. – legatos de deditione ad alqm, Caes.: mittere u. obviam mittere alci litteras de etc., Cic. – m. folg. Finalsatz (m. ut u. Konj.), missus sum, te ut requirerem, Ter. – m. folg. Relativsatz, misit ad eum nuntios, qui postularent, Caes.: m. legatos Romam, qui senatum docerent de etc., Sall.: u. ohne pers. Obj., misi pro amicitia qui hoc ei diceret, Cic. – m. folg. 1. Supin., legatos ad Caesarem rogatum auxilium, Caes.: exclusi eos, quos

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tu ad me salutatum mane miseras, Cic.: u. ohne pers. Objj., mittit rogatum vasa ea, Cic.: non meā culpā saepe ad vos oratum mitto, Sall. – m. folg. Infin. (s. Dräger Hist. Synt.² 2, 369 ff.), parasitum misi nudiusquartus Cariam (nach K.) petere argentum, Plaut.: reddere hoc, non perdere erus me misit, Plaut.: in Oceanum mittit me, quaerere gemmas, Prop.: quo (wohin er) decimam Herculis ferre a Carthaginiensibus missus fuerat, Iustin.: und ohne pers. Obj., misit orare, ut venirem, Ter. – m. folg. Partic. Praes., alium rogantes (= ut rogarent) regem misere ad Iovem, Phaedr. 1, 2, 22 M. – m. folg. Acc. Gerund., mittere librum corrigendum, Fronto ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 13. p. 52, 2 N. – dah. mittere nuntios od. litteras od. (wie επιστέλλειν) bl. mittere, Boten-, einen Brief schicken u. durch sie ansagen, sagen lassen, melden, bestellen, beauftragen, schreiben, auch oft bl. schicken, m. folg. oratio obliqua im Acc. u. Infin., im Finalsatz m. ut u. Konj. od. m. bl. Conjunctiv, im Fragesatz (s. Korte Cic. ep. 2, 8, 1. Manutius Cic. ep. 5, 20 in. die Auslgg. zu Liv. 8, 23, 1; 34, 29, 9. Benecke Iustin. 5, 3, 7), nuntios saepe ad eum miserat, velle se populi Rom. amicitiam, Sall. – L. Cornelio litterae missae, ut dictatorem diceret, Liv. – ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, quam primum copias adduceret, Sall.: litteras ad Iugurtham mittunt, quam ocissime ad provinciam accedat, Sall. – mitte mihi obviam litteras, num-

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quid putes etc., Cic. – Curio misi, ut medico honos haberetur, Cic.: Attico mitteret, quid ageret, Nep.: id cuiusmodi sit, ad me mittas velim, Cic. – δ) Partiz. subst., missus, ī, m., der Gesendete, der Gottgesandte, v. Christus, Arnob. 2, 73. Isid. orig. 7, 2, 35.

2) übtr.: α) lebende Objj.: alqm in vastum scribendi aequor, Prop.: alqm in fabulas sermonesque, in ora populi, ins Gerede bringen, Ps. Quint. decl.: alqm in iambos, hinreißen zu J., Hor. – alqm in possessionem, in den Besitz einsetzen (Ggstz. de possessione deturbare), Cic. – se in foedera, poet. = sich in ein Bündnis einlassen, Verg. – inconsulto se in periculum, sich in G. stürzen, Cornif. rhet.: so auch animas (das Leben) in pericula, Verg. – lares sub titulum, poet. = sein Haus durch einen Anschlag an demselben feilbieten, Ov.: Hesperiam sub iuga, unterjochen, Verg.: orbem sub leges, den Erdkreis in Dienstbarkeit bringen, Verg. – β) lebl. Objj.: alqd in litteras, schriftlich verzeichnen, aufzeichnen, niederschreiben, Vopisc. u. Lampr. – misso in compendium bello, Flor.: in pecuniam aut lucrum tota civitas spem suam misit, Sen. – alci mentem, eingeben, Verg.: funera Teucris, bereiten, Verg.: u. so exitium apibus, Verg.

B) insbes.: 1) Jmdm. eine Schrift zuschicken, übersenden = widmen, dedizieren, librum ad alqm, s. Cic. de nat. deor. 1, 16; de sen. 3.

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2) (wie πέμπειν) unter Geleit wegführen, begleiten, geleiten, alias (animas) sub Tartara tristia mittit, von Merkur, Verg. Aen. 4, 243. – fines Italos mittēre (= mitteris), wirst unter dem Schutze der Götter gelangen zu usw., Verg. Aen. 3, 440.

3) feindl. auf jmd. losschicken, hetzen, sues in hostes, Lucr. 5, 1307: se in leonem, sich auf den L. stürzen, Lampr. Anton. Diad. 5, 6.

4) übersenden, zusenden, prägn., a) = etw. als Geschenk übergeben, puer causa erit mittundi (munus), Ter.: hospitibus magna munera, Sall.: ultro muneribus missis, Hor. – b) poet. v. Ländern usw.: α) Menschen als Krieger senden, stellen, quos frigida misit Nursia, Verg. Aen. 7, 715. – β) Erzeugnisse als Handelsartikel senden, liefern, India mittit ebur, Verg.: tura nec Euphrates nec miserat India costum, Ov. – od. als Ertrag, quae tibi dona mittere posset Tomitanus ager, Ov.: rure suburbano poteris tibi dicere missa (rustica dona), Ov.

5) von sich senden, -schicken, -geben, entsenden, von sich ausgehen od. ausströmen lassen, a) v. Körpern, plura sibi assumunt, quam de se corpora mittunt, Lucr.: vapor, quem sol mittit, Lucr.: robora fumum mittunt ignesque vaporem, Lucr. – luna mittit lucem in terras, Cic. – bildl., fruges mittunt signum sanguinis, geben Blut von sich, Lucr.: m. sui timoris signa, Beweise ihrer Mutlosigkeit geben, Caes.: mit-

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tit animus mortalia signa, gibt Merkmale sterblicher Abkunft von sich, Lucr. – b) v. Gewächsen, treiben, radices, Colum.: folium, Plin.: florem, Plin. – c) v. leb. Wesen u. übtr. v. lebl. Subjj., einen Laut, einen Ton von sich geben, hören-, sich verlauten lassen, fallen lassen, varios linguae sonitus, Lucr.: quoniam non omnia vocem mittere concedis neque odorem, Lucr.: mittunt venti fremitus, brausen, Lucr. – v. Schlangen, horrenda sibila mittere, Ov. met. 3, 38 (vgl. 15, 670) – v. Hunden, mittere voces, laut anschlagen, Lucr. 4, 990. – v. Fröschen, vocem mittere, quaken, Fest. 258 (b), 28. – v. Menschen, vocem pro alqo, seine Stimme erheben, sprechen für usw., Cic.: vox de quaestura missa nulla est, Cic.: memorem libertatis vocem aut in senatu aut in populo, ein Freiheit atmendes Wort fallen lassen, Liv.: apud dominum vitae necisque vocem supplicem, seine flehende Stimme erheben, Liv. (s. zu vocem m. mehr Beisp. b. Drak. Liv. 3, 50, 4. Duker Flor. 4, 10, 7. Benecke Iustin. 42, 4, 12. Burmann Phaedr. 4, 10, 4): missum verbum ab ore praeconis, Lucr.: oratio ex ore alterius mitti (zu kommen) videtur, Caes.: cantus mittere, Ps. Ver. Ciris 92.

6) wie unser werfen, a) = in irgend eine Lage, irgendwohin in rascher Bewegung bringen, legen, stecken, schütten, mollia mobiliter alternis brachia, gefällig die Arme verschränken, Lucr.: manum ad

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arma, mit der Hand nach den W. fahren, die H. rasch an die W. legen, Sen.: corpus saltu ad terram, Verg.: arundinem subter lectum, mit dem Stabe unter das Bett fahren, Petron.: post lectum occisum anserem, Petron. – fert missos patella cibos, auf die Schüssel gelegten, geschütteten, Ov.: m. in furnum, in den O. schieben, Apic.: uncias octo mittis in linteo, Pallad.: cui ad medium aqua mittatur, Pallad. – magna vis aquae caelo missa est, strömte vom usw., Sall.: missa est vis venti superne, Lucr. – u. vom Körper abwerfen, ablegen, ponunt tunicas cicadae et vituli membranas de corpore summo mittunt et lubrica serpens exuit vestem, Lucr. 4, 58 sq. – b) gewaltsam, mit Heftigkeit stoßend, schwingend, schleudernd werfen, α) lebende Wesen werfen = stoßen, stürzen, schleudern, pronos qui morbus mittere suevit, Lucr.: alqm de ponte pronum, Catull.: alqm praecipitem ex arce, Ov.: pueros in profluentem aquam, Liv.: se in flumen, in den Fl. springen, Liv. epit.: se in rapidas aquas, Ov.: se in mare (v. Badenden), Sen.: alqm beluarum modo in foveam, Liv.: anum super focum, Petron. – corpus e turribus in castra, Ov.: se saxo ab alto, Ov.: se super pontum, Ov. – β) lebl. Objj., werfen = schleudern, audacius pilam, Sen.: lapides post vestigia (hinter sich), Ov.: clavam et arcus trans ripam, hinüber auf usw., Ov.: tunicam in faciem alcis, Petron.: discum in auras, schwingen, Ov. –

————

panem, hinabwerfen (in die Grube), Phaedr. 3, 2, 6: panem cani, hinwerfen, Phaedr. 1, 23, 3; 2, 3, 2. – rete, auswerfen, Hieron. epist. 71, 1. – im Bilde, malum discordiae inter alqos, Iustin. 12, 15, 11. – u. besonders, um zu treffen, Geschosse nach einem Ziele absenden, werfen, schleudern, schießen, abschießen (bes. als milit. t. t.), manu iaculum, Ov.: tela tormentis, Caes.: pila, Caes.: telum tormentumve, Caes.: glandem, Auct b. Hisp.: fundā lapides, Liv. – telum ex alqo loco, Caes.: hastas e ratibus, Curt.: telum, pinum in alqm, Ov.: lapides in alqm, Petron.: lapillos contra alqm, Auct. b. Afr.: fulmina in alqm, Ov., in mare, Lucr.: procul iacula sagittasque, Curt. – c) als t. t. des Würfelspiels, wie werfen, α) in den Würfelbecher, talos in phimum, Hor. sat. 2, 7, 17. – β) auf das Würfelbrett, ex pyrgo tesseras in tabulam, Schol. Hor.: tesseram, Ov. – u. γ) übtr., einen Wurf werfen, canem aut senionem, Suet.: absol., quoties missurus erat, einen Wurf tun, werfen wollte, Sen.

7) als mediz. t. t., Blut aus jmds. Körper herauslaufen lassen, Blut lassen, abzapfen, jmdm. zur Ader lassen, sanguinem incisā venā mitti novum non est, Cels.: antiqui medici nesciebant sanguinem mittere, Sen.: sanguinem homini mitti non alienum est, Cels.: sanguinem mittere a brachio, Cels., alci a capite, Petron., ex vena, ex brachio, ex crure, Cels., iuxta talos, Cels.: iterum tertioque et cotidie paulum ali-

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quid, Cels.: sanguis recte, male mittitur, Cels. – im Bilde, Appius cum εξ ἀφαιρέσεως provinciam curarit, sanguinem miserit, quicquid potuit, detraxerit, mihi tradiderit enectam, das Blut ausgesaugt, Cic. ad Att. 6, 1, 2: missus est sanguis invidiae sine dolore, es ist ein kleiner Aderlaß, der dem Neide wohltut, Cic. ad Att. 1, 16, 11.

8) als t. t. der Feldm., intr. = sich erstrecken, terminus usque in olivastellum mittit, Gromat. vet. 305, 5; u. so ibid. 321, 11.

II) = laisser aller, gehen-, laufen lassen = eine Pers. von sich lassen, fortlassen, entlassen, lassen, etw. fahren lassen, loslassen, herabsinken-, fallen lassen u. dgl., A) im allg.: 1) eig.: α) lebende Objj.: As. amitte, sine. Di. amitto intro. As. ad te quidem.... Di. uno verbo eloquar: Mittin me intro? As. abi, Plaut.: non ego intro ad vos mittar? Plaut. – maesta virum mittens, Catull.: mitte me, laß mich los, laß mich gehen, Plaut. u. Ter.: u. so me missum face, Ter.: nos missos face, Ter.: quin me mittitis, Plaut.: m. Infin. mitte hunc ire, Plaut.: m. funus alcis non prius ex foro (nicht eher vom F. fortlassen), quam etc., Suet. – leo e cavea missus, Cornif. rhet.: columbas in theatro e sinu missas facere (fliegen lassen), Varro: turdum macrum per fenestram, Macr. – β) lebl. Objj.: m. arma, Caes.: accĭdere in mensas ut rosa missa (die man hat fallen lassen) solet, Ov.: cutem,

————

loslassen, Hor.: brachiolum puellae, Catull.

2) übtr., sein od. aufhören lassen, u. gew. bl. lassen = a) fahren-, schwinden lassen, aufgeben, mittere ac finire odium, Liv.: maestum timorem, Verg.: certamen, Verg.: inanes spes et certamina divitiarum, Hor.: Syphacis reconciliandi curam ex animo, Liv.: missae (aufgegebene) amicitiae, Catull.: hanc curam de pectore, Verg. – u. so missum facere amorem, missam facere iram, Liv. – u. v. Redenden, (sein) lassen, unterlassen, m. maledicta omnia, Ter.: ambages, Plaut., Liv. u. Hor.: m. folg. Infin., iam scrutari mitto, Plaut. aul. 651; (vgl. Pers. 207): mitte male loqui, Ter. Andr. 872 (vgl. 904): mitto illud dicere, Cic. Quinct. 85: mitto quaerere, qua de causa etc., Cic. Rosc. Am. 53: mitte mortalium incommoda tamquam propria deflere, Val. Max. 7, 2. ext. 2: mitte sectari, Hor. carm. 1, 38, 3 (vgl. epod. 13, 7): pro nobis mitte precari, Ov. met. 3, 614. – u. in der Rede aufgeben, etw. weiter zu besprechen, etw. nicht erwähnen wollen, übergehen, lassen, mitto proelia, praetereo oppugnationes oppidorum, Cic.: mitto rem, Ter.: m. folg. quod (daß), mitto quod invidiam, quod pericula subire paratissimus fueris, Cic.: mitto quod amplissimae dignitatis, certe salubritate studio praestantis officii privatim sibi venerandum (virum), Val. Max.: m. de u. Abl., mitto de amissa parte exercitus, Cic. – so auch missum facere, zB. ut haec missa faciam, quae

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iam facta sunt, Cic.: horum agrorum ego missos faciam quaestus triennii, Cic. – b) sein lassen = nicht weiter beachten, -berücksichtigen, auf etwas Verzicht leisten u. so aufgeben, m. aliena, Lucr.: misso officio, ohne weitere Rücksicht auf Pfl., Cic. – so auch missum facere, zB. missos faciant honores, Cic.: m. f. vadimonium, Cic.: missa istaec face, denk nicht mehr daran, Ter.

B) insbes.: 1) in der Rennbahn die Renner aus den Schranken laufen lassen, ablaufen-, abrennen lassen, quadrigas, Liv.: carcere quadriiuges equos, Ov.: desultorem, Hygin. – im Pass. = ablaufen, abrennen, v. den Wagen u. Pferden, quadrigis missis, Liv.: carceribus missi currus, Hor.: carcere missus equus, Tibull. u. Ov. – vom Wettrenner, quasi quis ad Olympiacum cum venerit campum et steterit, ut mittatur, Cornif. rhet.: semel quadrigis, semel desultore misso, einen Gang machen, Liv.

2) eine Versammlung entlassen, auseinander gehen lassen, aufheben, senatum, Caes.: praetorium, Liv.: principia, Frontin.: convivium, Liv.: auditorium, Apul.: certamen, Verg.

3) aus dem Verhältnis entlassen, a) die Braut entlassen, ihr aufsagen, hanc ut mittam, Ter. Phorm. 675. – u. eine Gattin aus der Ehe entlassen, sich von ihr trennen, Lolliam Paulinam perductam a marito coniunxit sibi brevique missam fecit, Suet. Cal.

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25, 2. – b) aus dem Dienste entlassen, abdanken, α) Zivildiener: remotis sive omnino missis lictoribus, Cic.: u. so auch amicos (die in die Provinz mitgenommenen Freunde des Prätors) missos faciamus, Cic. – β) Soldaten: missorum causas cognoscere, Liv. – gew. missum facere, zB. ab exercitu te removeo... te ab exercitu dimitto... vos (centuriones) missos facio, Auct. b. Afr.: nautas missos facere; missorum stipendia lucrari, Cic.: Marcum filium missum factum a consule, Cic.: legiones missas fieri iubere, Cic.: nonam legionem totam cum ignominia missam fecit, Suet.: quaestores, legatos, praefectos, tribunos suos multi missos fecerunt, Cic. – c) einen Angeklagten, gleichviel, ob er im Gefängnisse sitzt oder nicht, entlassen, los-, freigeben, freisprechen, non passurum inter hostes populi Rom. L. Scipionem in carcere et in vinculis esse, mittique eum iubere, Liv. – se statim illum interfecturum, nisi iusiurandum sibi dedisset, se patrem missum facturum esse, Cic. – u. außerhalb der Gerichtssphäre, rogamus, ut mittas, laß ihn ungestraft gehen, Petron. – d) aus der Gefangenschaft entlassen, u. zwar α) aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft: exercitum inermem, Liv.: praefecti a me missi sunt, Caes. b. Cic. – so auch missum facere alqm, Caes. (b. Cic.), Nep. u.a. – β) aus der Sklaverei = einen Sklaven entlassen, freigeben, losgeben, manu m. alqm, s. manumitto. – so auch neque (eam) duxit (ad-

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ulescens), neque ille (leno) vult mittere, Plaut. Poen. prol. 100.

⇒ Synk. Perf. misti, Catull. 14, 14. – Parag. Infin. mittier, Plaut. capt. 438. Lucr. 4, 43. – arch. Inf. Präs. Pass. mittei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 199, 44 u. 206, 150.

ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].

As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.

In space.

Direction toward, to, toward, and first,

Horizontally:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—

In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 188:

altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—

Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.

The point or goal at which any thing arrives.

Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,

With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

ad Sullam adire,

id. ib. 25:

ad se adferre,

id. Verr. 4, 50:

reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

id. ib. 5, 27:

ad laborem adhortantur,

id. de Sen. 14:

T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—

Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

oratus sum venire ad te huc,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

eamus ad me,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—

Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

in aedem Veneris,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

in aedem Concordiae,

Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

ad Opis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

ad Castoris,

id. Quint. 17:

ad Juturnae,

id. Clu. 101:

ad Vestae,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—

With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

postea ad pistores dabo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

id. ib. 5, 3:

velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

quae institueram, ad te mittam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —

With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

ad Veios,

Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

or when it is joined with usque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—

With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

ipse ad hostem vehitur,

Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

aliquem ad hostem ducere,

Tac. A. 2, 52:

clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

munio me ad haec tempora,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

Cic. Off. 3, 24:

remedium ad tertianam,

Petr. Sat. 18:

munimen ad imbris,

Verg. G. 2, 352:

farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—

The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—

The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

Curt. 3, 9, 10:

laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

vestis ad Seras peti,

id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

deverberasse usque ad necem,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.

Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

astiterunt ad januam,

Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

non adest ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

aderant ad spectaculum istud,

Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

Lucr. 3, 959:

quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

haec arma habere ad manum,

Quint. 12, 5, 1:

dominum esse ad villam,

Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

errantem ad flumina,

Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

conchas ad Caietam legunt,

id. Or. 2, 6:

ad forum esse,

to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

ad dextram,

Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

ad laevam,

Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

ad dextram... ad laevam,

Liv. 40, 6;

and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.

In time, analogous to the relations given in A.

Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

domum reductus ad vesperum,

toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—

The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

ad multam noctem,

Cic. de Sen. 14:

Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8:

usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—

Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

nostra ad diem dictam fient,

id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

ad id tempus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.

The relations of number.

An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

quasi ad quadraginta minas,

as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

ad hominum milia decem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—

The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

quid ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

Cic. Lael. 23:

ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

Verg. A. 5, 687.

In the manifold relations of one object to another.

That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.

With verbs:

ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

nil est ad nos,

is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

nil ad me attinet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

nihil ad rem pertinet,

Cic. Caecin. 58;

and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

Quid ad praetorem?

id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—

With adjectives:

ad has res perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

virum ad cetera egregium,

Liv. 37, 7, 15:

auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

difficilis (res) ad credendum,

Lucr. 2, 1027:

ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—

With nouns:

prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

mentis ad omnia caecitas,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

ad cetera paene gemelli,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

Cic. Font. 6;

facultas ad agendum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—

In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—

With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

Cic. Mur. 77:

taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

ad amussim non est numerus,

Varr. 2, 1, 26:

ad imaginem facere,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

ad cursus lunae describit annum,

Liv. 1, 19:

omnia ad diem facta sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

ad aequos flexus,

at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

turres ad altitudiem valli,

Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

id. 44, 11:

ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

Suet. Ner. 31:

lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

canere ad tibiam,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

in numerum ludere,

Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

ad unguem factus homo,

a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

ad istorum normam sapientes,

Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

ad simulacrum,

Liv. 40, 6:

ad Punica ingenia,

id. 21, 22:

ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

omnia fient ad verum,

Juv. 6, 324:

quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

ad hunc modum institutus est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

ad eundem istunc modum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

Lucr. 2, 281:

ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

id. Rab. Post. 21:

aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26:

rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

id. Font. 36:

ad vulgi opinionem,

id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

ad instar castrorum,

Just. 36, 3, 2:

scoparum,

App. M. 9, p. 232:

speculi,

id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

ad navis feratur,

like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

ad specus angustiac vallium,

like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,

With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.

The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

Lucr. 3, 144:

ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—

The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,

is done,

is designed, or,

is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.

Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

venimus coctum ad nuptias,

in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

Sall. C. 13, 4:

ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—

Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

(in the same sense: in rem,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

ad frena leones,

Verg. A. 10, 253:

delecto ad naves milite,

marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

servos ad remum,

rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

servos ad militiam emendos,

id. 22, 61, 2:

comparasti ad lecticam homines,

Cat. 10, 16:

Lygdamus ad cyathos,

Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

puer ad cyathum statuetur,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—

Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

causa ad objurgandum,

id. And. 1, 1, 123:

argumentum ad scribendum,

Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato R. R. 125:

nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

Cic. Brut. 24:

reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

homo ad nullam rem utilis,

id. Off. 3, 6:

ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—

Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

terra ad universi caeli complexum,

compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

Liv. 22, 22, 15:

at nihil ad nostram hanc,

nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.

Adverbial phrases with ad.

Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

Liv. 35, 32, 4.—

Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—

Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—

Ad tempus.

At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—

At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—

For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—

According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—

Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).

For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—

At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—

Ad locum, on the spot:

ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

Liv. 27, 27, 2.—

Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—

Ad summam.

On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—

In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —

Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.

At the end, finally, at last.

Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

Liv. 21, 8, 10.—

Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,

of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—

In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

id. 28, 28, 8.—

Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—

Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.

Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—

Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

quam ad,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

ripam ad Araxis,

Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

id. ib. 12, 8.—

The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).

In composition.

Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—

Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.

Local.

To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—

At, by: astare, adesse.—

On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—

Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—

Fig.

To: adjudico, adsentior.—

At or on: admiror, adludo.—

Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—

Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—

Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—

Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.